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SFA < median
|
SFA ≥ median
| |
|---|
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Total fat < median
|
Total fat ≥ median
|
Total fat < median
|
Total fat ≥ median
|
P
*
|
|---|
|
Participants (n)
|
1255
|
1097
|
1010
|
1315
| |
|
Age (y)
|
44.3 ± 14.4a
|
42.3 ± 14.1
|
40.3 ± 13.4
|
39.7 ± 13.1
|
<0.005
|
|
Women (%)
|
46.7
|
56.2
|
53.7
|
65.2
|
<0.005
|
|
Physical activity (%)
| | | | | |
|
Light
|
64.1
|
65.1
|
64.3
|
62.3
|
0.07
|
|
Moderate
|
16.9
|
17.0
|
16.3
|
17.1
| |
|
Heavy
|
19.0
|
17.9
|
19.4
|
20.6
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|
Current smoker (%)
|
7.9
|
8.2
|
8.1
|
8.3
|
0.90
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
27.5 ± 4.6
|
27.3 ± 4.8
|
27.1 ± 4.8
|
27.1 ± 4.8
|
0.06
|
|
Dietary intakeb
| | | | | |
|
Total energy intake (Kcal/d)
|
2329 ± 19.5
|
2447 ± 21.0
|
2287 ± 21.7
|
2425 ± 19.9
|
0.09
|
|
Protein (% of total energy intake)
|
15.2 ± 0.2
|
14.3 ± 0.2
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16.0 ± 0.2
|
15.1 ± 0.2
|
<0.005
|
|
Carbohydrate (% of total energy intake)
|
64.0 ± 0.2
|
59.2 ± 0.2
|
57.6 ± 0.2
|
54.0 ± 0.2
|
<0.005
|
|
Total fat (% of total energy intake)
|
26.1 ± 0.3
|
32.8 ± 0.4
|
31.0 ± 0.4
|
38.3 ± 0.3
|
<0.005
|
|
SFA (% of total energy intake)
|
7.5 ± 0.3
|
7.9 ± 0.4
|
11.8 ± 0.4
|
12.4 ± 0.4
|
<0.005
|
|
MUFA (% of total energy intake)
|
7.7 ± 0.3
|
10.1 ± 0.4
|
9.7 ± 0.4
|
12.7 ± 0.3
|
<0.005
|
|
PUFA(% of total energy intake)
|
4.4 ± 0.3
|
7.2 ± 0.4
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4.5 ± 0.4
|
7.9 ± 0.3
|
<0.005
|
|
Cholesterol (mg/d)
|
186 ± 3.1
|
185 ± 3.2
|
273 ± 3.4
|
258 ± 3.1
|
<0.005
|
|
Fiber (g/d)
|
30.4 ± 15.2
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29.0 ± 15.0
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24.1 ± 12.8
|
20.6 ± 12.5
|
<0.005
|
|
Fruit
|
252 ± 7.6
|
279 ± 8.2
|
285 ± 8.5
|
226 ± 7.8
|
<0.005
|
|
Vegetables
|
278 ± 5.1
|
278 ± 5.7
|
302 ± 5.5
|
264 ± 5.2
|
<0.005
|
|
Meat, poultry and fish
|
60.9 ± 1.2
|
65.6 ± 1.4
|
61.5 ± 1.3
|
63.2 ± 1.3
|
<0.005
|
|
Whole grain
|
179 ± 3.0
|
133 ± 3.3
|
144 ± 3.2
|
111 ± 3.0
|
<0.005
|
|
Refine grain
|
351 ± 4.2
|
291 ± 4.7
|
239 ± 4.5
|
279 ± 4.3
|
<0.005
|
|
Dairy products
|
362 ± 5.8
|
558 ± 6.5
|
293 ± 6.3
|
449 ± 6.0
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<0.005
|
|
Legumes
|
46.8 ± 1.2
|
55.8 ± 1.2
|
52.8 ± 1.2
|
42.3 ± 1.2
|
<0.005
|
|
Nuts
|
5.6 ± 0.3
|
5.8 ± 0.3
|
10.6 ± 0.3
|
9.9 ± 0.3
|
<0.005
|
|
Hydrogenated vegetable oils
|
31.5 ± 0.3
|
40.2 ± 0.3
|
35.1 ± 0.4
|
49.5 ± 0.5
|
<0.005
|
|
Non-hydrogenated vegetable oils
|
19.2 ± 0.7
|
21.5 ± 0.6
|
18.5 ± 0.5
|
23.8 ± 0.5
|
<0.005
|
- Levels of physical activity were expressed as metabolic equivalent hours per week (METs h/week) and categorized as light (<3 METs h/week), moderate (3–6 METs h/week) and heavy (>6 METs h/week)
- Grouped according to < or ≥ median of both Total fat (29.5 % of total energy) and SFA (9.5 % of total energy), with the reference group intake being < median intakes of both MUFA and SFA
-
BMI body mass index, SFA saturated fatty acid, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid
-
*
P value was compared the characteristics across quartiles, using analysis of ANOVA (for age, BMI and dietary intake) and chi-square test (for categorized variables)
-
aValues are Mean (SE), except for variables determined
-
bDietary intake were adjusted for age, gender and total energy intake using the ANCOVA analysis, except for total energy intake (adjusted for age and gender)
