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Unadjusted OR
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I: Home AOR (95% CI)a
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II: Home and maternal AOR (95% CI)b
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III: Home, maternal and care practices AOR (95% CI)c
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IV: Home, maternal, care and feeding practices AOR (95% CI)d
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V: Full model AOR (95% CI)e
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N
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3517
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3270
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3270
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3237
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3234
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βo (se)
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0.76 (.08)
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1.05 (0.15)
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1.25 (0.23)
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1.35 (0.25)
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0.47 (0.11)
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Water tap at home
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0.99 (0.82, 1.21)
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1.21 (0.97, 1.51)
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1.21 (0.97, 1.52)
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1.23 (0.98, 1.54)
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1.23 (0.98, 1.55)
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1.12 (0.88, 1.42)
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Private toilet
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0.78 (0.63, 0.96)
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0.81 (0.64, 1.03)
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0.82 (0.65, 1.05)
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0.82 (0.64, 1.05)
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0.82 (0.64, 1.05)
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0.84 (0.65, 1.09)
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Socio-economic Status
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Poorest
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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Quartile 2
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0.93 (0.76, 1.12)
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0.96 (0.79, 1.17)
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1.00 (0.81, 1.23)
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1.02 (0.83, 1.26)
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1.04 (0.84, 1.28)
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0.97 (0.78, 1.21)
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Quartile 3
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0.78 (0.64, 0.95)
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0.83 (0.68, 1.02)
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0.86 (0.69, 1.06)
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0.88 (0.71, 1.09)
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0.87 (0.70, 1.09)
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0.83 (0.66, 1.04)
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Least poor
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0.73 (0.59, 0.90)
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0.81 (0.64, 1.02)
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0.85 (0.67, 1.08)
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0.87 (0.68, 1.11)
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0.90 (0.70, 1.14)
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0.87 (0.68, 1.13)
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Maternal education
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No formal schooling
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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Primary
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0.92 (0.66, 1.29)
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0.92 (0.66, 1.30)
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0.95 (0.66, 1.36)
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0.97 (0.68, 1.39)
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1 (0.69, 1.43)
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1.02 (0.7, 1.49)
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Secondary
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0.76 (0.65, 0.90)
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0.79 (0.67, 0.93)
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0.8 (0.67, 0.95)
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0.81 (0.68, 0.97)
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0.83 (0.70, 0.99)
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0.84 (0.7, 1.01)
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Higher
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0.52 (0.40, 0.70)
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0.59 (0.44, 0.78)
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0.56 (0.41, 0.77)
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0.57 (0.42, 0.78)
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0.58 (0.42, 0.79)
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0.59 (0.42, 0.82)
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Experienced physical violence
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2.08 (1.44, 3.01)
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1.98 (1.36, 2.86)
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1.92 (1.3, 2.85)
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1.90 (1.28, 2.81)
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1.86 (1.25, 2.77)
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1.83 (1.21, 2.77)
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Birth interval
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< 24 months
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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1.00
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≥ 24 months
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0.67 (0.56, 0.80)
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0.69 (0.57, 0.84)
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0.7 (0.57, 0.85)
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0.68 (0.56, 0.83)
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0.71 (0.58, 0.87)
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First child
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0.70 (0.57, 0.87)
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0.78 (0.62, 0.98)
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0.79 (0.62, 1.00)
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0.77 (0.61, 0.97)
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0.79 (0.62, 1.01)
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Intended pregnancy
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0.78 (0.64, 0.95)
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0.85 (0.69, 1.05)
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0.86 (0.70, 1.06)
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0.83 (0.68, 1.03)
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0.80 (0.64, 0.99)
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4 or more antenatal care visits
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0.70 (0.56, 0.87)
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0.77 (0.60, 1.00)
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0.78 (0.6, 1.01)
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0.77 (0.59, 1.01)
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Institutional delivery
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0.80 (0.65, 0.99)
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1.02 (0.80, 1.29)
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1.05 (0.82, 1.34)
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1.08 (0.84, 1.39)
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Age appropriate feeding
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0.66 (0.56, 0.78)
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0.67 (0.56, 0.80)
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1.03 (0.83, 1.27)
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Mother working
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1.24 (0.89, 1.74)
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1.17 (0.8, 1.72)
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Gender: Male
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1.21 (1.05, 1.39)
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1.33 (1.14, 1.54)
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Child age (months)
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0–5 months
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1
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1.00
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6–11 months
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1.62 (1.31, 2.02)
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1.59 (1.23, 2.05)
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12–17 months
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3.03 (2.45, 3.74)
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3.05 (2.39, 3.89)
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18–23 months
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5.06 (4.06, 6.30)
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5.04 (3.91, 6.5)
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Religion
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Muslim
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1
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1.00
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Hindu
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1.18 (0.96, 1.46)
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1.13 (0.89, 1.43)
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Other
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0.35 (0.04, 3.10)
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0.34 (0.03, 3.33)
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Father’s education
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No formal schooling
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1
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1.00
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Primary
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1.14 (0.81, 1.61)
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1.24 (0.84, 1.83)
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Secondary
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0.91 (0.77, 1.08)
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1.07 (0.88, 1.31)
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Higher
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0.69 (0.52, 0.91)
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0.86 (0.62, 1.20)
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SD (se)
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0.29 (0.05)
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0.26 (0.05)
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0.27 (0.05)
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0.27 (0.05)
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0.28 (0.06)
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ICC (se)
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0.02 (0.01)
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0.02 (0.01)
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0.02 (0.01)
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0.02 (0.01)
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0.02 (0.01)
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- aModel I included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence and maternal education
- bModel II included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence, maternal education, birth interval and intended pregnancy
- cModel III included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence, maternal education, birth interval, intended pregnancy, 4 or more antenatal care visits and institutional delivery
- dModel IV included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence, maternal education, birth interval, intended pregnancy, 4 or more antenatal care visits, institutional delivery and age-appropriate feeding
- eModel V included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence, birth interval, intended pregnancy, 4 or more antenatal care visits, institutional delivery, age-appropriate feeding, parental education, religion, gender and age of the child
